Us History Essential Questions on Thomas Jefferson Essay

Chapter 11 Essential Questions 1) Why does Kennedy refer to the case of Marbury vs. Madison as â€Å"epochal?† Describe the short and long-term ramifications to the decision. The case of Marbury vs. Madison established judicial review of acts of Congress to determine if they are unconstitutional. It was so epochal because had it not established judicial review, Congress would be free to pass laws that are completely unconstitutional and a violation of the rights set in place by the first ten amendments. It brought order out of the chaos that occurred when Adams appointed the Midnight Judges. Over the long term, it has affected many congressional bills that if passed, would not be constitutional. 2)What basis did Thomas Jefferson†¦show more content†¦Explain. The first principle of government advanced by Jefferson and the Anti-Federalists before 1800 was the exploration and organization of Western Land set by the Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance of 1787, part of the Articles of Confederation. These laws held through the Jefferson presidency and were largely the basis of exploration in the future. The second was the Bill of Rights set forth in the Constitution. They guaranteed the natural rights of citizens in the first ten amendments. The were maintained through the presidency and although debated, are in tact today. The third principle are the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions. They called for state’s rights and supported nullification, which meant that a state can nullify a law that the federal government passes. This did not become public policy mainly because of Federalist opposition. It was fought for in the Civil war, and today states have to obey federal law. 4) Jefferson said â€Å"The day France takes possession of New Orleans we must marry ourselves to the British fleet and nation.† Why was he so alarmed? New Orleans was a key port on the Mississippi that gave the possessor a substantial amount of power in that area. France would gain critical access to the Mississippi River and have the ability to travel about it and maybe take land along the way. Possession of New Orleans would also give it access to western land, which is something America was after. America wouldShow MoreRelatedDid Thomas Jefferson Abandon His Ethics for the Lousiana Purchase1020 Words   |  5 PagesDid Thomas Jefferson give up his deeply held political values in order to purchase the Louisiana Territory from the French (P. 2)? This is the major question that has led to much debate within the early history of America (P. 1). Some historians argue that Thomas Jefferson did, in fact, throw away his commitment to states’ rights and constructionism by the large purchase of Louisiana for the U.S. (P.1). On the other hand, some believe that President Jefferson supported his political beliefs, theRead MoreIn The United States, Voters Have The Choice Between Republican1494 Words   |  6 Pagesthe government should be ran, how big it should be, and how officials would be elected. Through this political turmoil, many agree that two men had strong voices in how the government should be shaped, Founding Fathers Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson, and they, combined with the overall eventual setup of the government, are what led to the formation and sustaining of the two-party system that is present today. Studying the topic of the two-party system in America can be difficult. 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Pornography in the 20th Century - 2220 Words

Laura Kipnis has described pornography as â€Å"an archive of data about...our history as a culture†. Therefore if, she described it as such, what can it tell us about the sexual history of the 20th century? Examining the history of the forms of archive from pornographic playing cards to blu-ray discs and the internet, this shows the ever changing form of how as a society we view pornography. From the forms of archive come the social implications of pornography. This will be examined through the 1986 Meese Commission in the United States of America into the pornographic industry. Finally, this exposition will also examine the differing views of Gay and Straight pornography and the changes that have taken over the 20th century. Overall, the†¦show more content†¦What this shows about the sexual history of the 20th century is that individuals are willing to take control into their own hands, and want to be able to express themselves. With the advent of lower cost techn ology – individuals and couples are able to take part in their own sexual adventures and show an audience of their choosing. The reason I have added the title of the article of the Coopersmith article leads me onto my next point – social implications. It goes back to the Kipnis article, where she states that pornography is outside the strict, social codes that are defined by parental role models from when we are babies. We are, therefore, seen to be ‘living by the edge of our cultural norms’ that we then self identify with as we grow up through childhood, because we do not know differently. We end up having this ‘taboo’ thought about sex that is brought about by western thought process. This could be the due process of ideology that pornography can only be viewed after a certain age – in most cases – 18 years of age. 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Contemporary Accounting Theory Business Affairs

Question: Describe about the Contemporary Accounting Theory for Business Affairs. Answer: Introduction: International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) is an international language related to business affairs in order to improve the understanding and comparison of the organisation accounts across global boundaries. In this context, Crawford et al. (2012) cited that the accountants of the global organisations are required to maintain the books of accounts in compliance with this standard for presenting the same to both internal and external users. Therefore, the current report focuses on critical elaboration of the usefulness of IFRS for sustainability reporting. The latter segment of the study sheds light on the use of accounting standards in the chosen country of Australia for supporting sustainability reporting. Part A: Current and potential usefulness of IFRS for sustainability reporting: The major usefulness of IFRS in order to maintain the sustainability in reporting standard is briefly enumerated as follows: Academic Literature: Focus on the investors: The primary usefulness of IFRS is that it is highly accurate, timely and provides wide-ranging information of the financial statements of the organisation. Along with this, the investors are able to understand the information presented in the financial statements without the need of the sources, which provides the investors with greater information (Ozkan, Singer and You 2012). For instance, after the adoption of IFRS in 2005 by Woolworths Limited, the organisation has credited the amortisation value of goodwill back to the income statement while computing the net income (Investegate.co.uk 2016).However, Crawford and Power (2015) argued that the extraordinary income or loss could not be included in the financial reports of the organisation, which has been a major issue in recent times. The detailed presentation and harmonisation of the reporting standards under IFRS result in zero payment for the investors in terms of processing and adjustments to the financial statements. This is because the breakdown of the reports in accordance with the IFRS guidelines helps in better understanding for the investors. Hence, it saves the fees to be incurred to the analysts for understanding the financial statements. Thus, it would help in ensuring the sustainability reporting by minimising the cost of equity capital for the firms. As a result, it would increase the stock price along with potential opportunities of attracting new investments. Timeliness of loss recognition: The major characteristic of IFRS includes realising the immediate loss, which aims to benefit the investors, lenders and other associated stakeholders of the organisation (Apergis, Eleftheriou and Payne 2013). The transparency and loss realisation of IFRS raises the contracting efficacy between the organisations and their management. Thus, it would help in enhancing the corporate governance procedures of the organisations. In addition, this realisation of loss triggers the issues at the time the organisation encounters economic loss, which would be delivered to its key stakeholders. Furthermore, the company would be able to review the book values of asset and liabilities, equity and earnings (Barbu et al. 2014). Comparability: The junction to IFRS has resulted in improvement of the financial statement comparability of the companies operating in the European Union. This has been accomplished by adopting the identical reporting standard in a single market of EU (Barbu et al. 2014). However, Kajter and Nienhaus (2015) argued that the focus of IFRS is to recognise the ways, in which the companies make disclosures, measurements and realisation of items. After the adoption of IFRS, the organisations have adopted an approach, which have reduced the changes from the past national standards. Standardisation of financial reporting and accounting: With the help of IFRS, the organisations are able to standardise the process of financial reporting, which ultimately results in greater comparison of financial statements in the financial markets. In addition, the trade barriers are removed, which would help the organisations to win the trust and confidence of the equity investors (Atwood et al. 2012). Ensuring transparency in financial reporting: This attribute is also of the major benefits of transferring to IFRS, since the makes the member countries of the European Union consistent on the different aspects of the macroeconomic environment. In addition, IFRS also ensures the consistency of financial reporting to enhance the relationship between the organisations and the investors amongst the member countries. Greater reach to the global capital markets and investments: Since, many global organisations have adopted IFRS, it has increased the chances of the organisations to access to the other capital markets by preparing the financial report under one single reporting standard. The primary reason of adopting this accounting standard is to make a better comparison in the global capital markets in order to increase the focus on investors. In addition, the companies are liable to disclose its corporate governance policies in its annual report for promoting sustainability reporting in compliance with IFRS. Professional literature: Benefits of IFRS would start to flow in 2018: Ian Mackintosh: The financial information could be compared, if the IFRS adoption diversifies including more countries. However, the situation might be worsened, if two organisations from the same nation use different accounting standards to present their financial statements. In this context, Dey (2016)stated that the local market is adversely influenced because of the gap between book and market values, if IFRS is applied with the other national reporting standards. However, the usefulness of IFRS in terms of sustainability reporting is not significant in short-term, when it comes to comparability of the financial statements. This is because IFRS is yet to enter in few countries and the harmonisation of the standard has not been fully accomplished by the member countries. However, it has been found that IFRS has shown its usefulness in the medium-long term. Hence, for improving the comparability of the financial statements, the organisations need to follow the same set of rules by adoption of IFRS. The unconsolidated statements could be developed under IFRS irrespective of the firm size for ensuring the consistency of the financial statements. In addition, the social disclosures and environmental disclosures of the organisations are mandatory under IFRS for complying with the sustainability reporting. Hence, based on the above discussion, it could be inferred that IFRS helps in ensuring the transparency, consistency and comparability of the financial statements of the organisations for improving the decision-making process of the associated stakeholders. Part B: Current or potential use of accounting standards in Australia for supporting sustainability reporting: Academic Literature: Improved quality of financial reports: As per the research of the Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB), the quality of the financial reports of most of the global organisations has increased after the mandatory adoption of IFRS. This is because the value relevance of accounting reports has been largely improved along with fall in the number of companies, which are involved in earnings management. In addition, IFRS adoption in Australia has further improved the quality of accounting through goodwill impairment regime (Baskerville and Rhys 2014). However, as argued by Kaaya (2015), the treatment of intangible assets under IFRS was inappropriate in contrast to the Australian GAAP. Comparability of financial reporting: With the help of IFRS adoption, most of the Australian firms have improved the comparability of the practices of reporting with their international peers. This is because the consolidation of the income statement has been clearly represented in the annual report for greater understanding of the investors. As a result, the investors could undertake their courses of action based on the market exposure of the firms indicated in the ASX (Franzen and Weienberger 2015). Improvement in the valuation of intangible assets: The most notable feature in the Australian firms after the adoption of IFRS is the reporting of intangible assets, which could be expected by the investor by utilising the information under AASB 147. Previously, the intangible assets that are purchased at cost are realised, while the in tangible assets generated internally are not realised. The intangibles that are re-valued previously in the past need to be written down to the historical cost. This is because a firm is not able to retain its revaluation in the absence of any secondary market (Houqe, Monem and Clarkson 2013). Thus, it has ensured sustainability reporting on the part of the organisations for delivering necessary information to its stakeholders. Integration of the non-financial users into business strategies: With the help of IFRS adoption, the Australian firms are able to provide a broader depiction of the business performance, which could not be provided through traditional financial reporting. This is because the Australian firms need to depict the utilisation and resource dependencies to its various stakeholders (Odia and Imagbe 2015). In addition, the relationship of the resources with the environmental, economic and social spheres and their probable impact is disclosed in the annual report of the firm. The above-mentioned information is crucial in order to provide a meaningful evaluation of the long-term business model and strategy. Moreover, the firm would also be able to fulfil the information needs of the government and its associated stakeholders (Perera and Chand 2015). Since, IFRS helps in promoting sustainability reporting, the Australian firms have been able to improve the apportionment of scarce resources. Minimisation in information cost: In the contemporary era, the Australian firms have wide pool of opportunities to engage in global trading activities and accumulate capital from cross-borders. Under Australian GAAP, the cross-border investors observe the presence of risk related to accounting in the financial statements. Therefore, after the adoption of IFRS, the regulators of capital market would be aware of a single accounting standard and the Australian organisations have increased efficiency in accumulating funds (Nulla 2014). As a result, it has contributed to minimising the processing cost of information to the Australian economy. Appropriate presentation of financial statements: Adoption of IFRS in Australia has provided clear and concise preparation of financial statements. This is supported by the standardised measures for realisation, measurements and financial transaction disclosures. Due to this, the complexity in computing the global taxable income of the Australian multinational firms is lowered, since the taxes are imposed on the overall incomes of the organisations (Mironiuc, Carp and Chersan 2015). However, the mother firm and its foreign subsidiary need to follow the identical accounting standard, IFRS for tax computation. Listing on the global stock exchange: After the adoption of IFRS, most of the Australian firms have been listed on the global stock exchange by preparing their financial statements in the globally accepted financial standard. As a result, it has helped in listing the stocks in the foreign stock exchange much easier and convenient (Prochzka 2016). Prior to IFRS adoption in Australia, the firms are facing difficulties to place their stocks in the cross-border stock exchange due to different accounting standard. Better comparison of financial statements: Before the adoption of IFRS in Australia, the investors often find it difficult to compare the financial statements, as the different transactions are treated in different ways. However, IFRS has helped the Australian firms to compare their financial statements across different industries functioning in different locations. In addition, the investors are also able to anticipate the future standing of the organisations and accordingly, make investment decisions. Adjustment to the accounting systems: In order to comply with IFRS, the organisations are required to incur transaction cost for adjusting their accounting systems. In addition, the Australian firms also need to update the methods of internal control and document the same. Furthermore, IFRS requires the Australian firms to present their financial reports for a prior year. The external consultants have been recruited to provide training to the staffs and familiarise the investors with the procedures of preparing the financial statements (Kajter and Nienhaus 2015). Relevance in the accounting procedures: The adoption of IFRS in Australia has ensured sustainability reporting by placing greater concentration on the economic constituent rather than the legal form. This has helped the organisations and their associated stakeholders to depict true value of the business transactions. In addition, the gains and losses depicted in the income statement of the Australian firms have placed the same in a trustful and reliable position in the eyes of the investors. The investors, before making any sort of investment decisions, lay emphasis on the corporate disclosures along with the fluctuations in the share prices of the stock market index (Crawford et al. 2014). The IFRS adoption has definitely helped the Australian firms to reduce their cost of equity capital by drawing adequate number of investments from the investors. Furthermore, the balance sheet statement after the IFRS adoption in Australia, has been highly modified because of its layout and the level of consistency. Thus, it depicts a fair representation of the asset and liability values of the organisations to help the investors and analysts in evaluating the financial performance of the business. Lastly, the managers of the big Australian firms could not manipulate the books of accounts for generating hidden reserves under the IFRS standard. Thus, the accounting standard is highly oriented towards the shareholders; thereby ensuring sustainability reporting procedures. Professional literature: IFRS where are the benefits?: As per the media reports and the comments of the members regarding complexity and growing disclosures, the benefits of adopting IFRS in Australia have been questioned. After the adoption of IFRS in 2005 by Australia, the accounting profession has encountered several challenges due to the complexity of IFRS rules and guidelines (Charteredaccountants.com.au 2016). The main objective of this paper is to review the big picture and the far-reaching aim of IFRS. With the rising competition in the global marketplace, global comparability is vital to ensure efficient apportionment of scarce resources. In order to achieve international comparability, the major countries need to adhere to a single accounting standard. It has been a global issue today for the investors to understand the complexity of the IFRS rules and regulations. Therefore, the government and standard setters of Australia need to address the complexities both at national and international levels. Dragging Australias financial reporting regime into the 21stcentury: The Australian reporting standard is yet to adopt the significant reporting mechanisms, which are vastly utilised in different global exchanges. In Australia, the information pertaining to financial statements are provided to the users in a complex and detailed format, which could not be understood easily (The Conversation 2015). These reports are given in the pdf format electronically; however, the major problem is that the reports could not be downloaded electronically. In addition, the statements are not easy to compare, which has hindered the prospects of the organisations to accumulate funds from the investors. Thus, the IFRS guidelines need to be implemented properly in the organisations for ensuring transparency and comparability in the financial statements. Why the numbers add up for direct cash flow statements: In Australia, the organisations report the information pertaining to direct cash inflows under Australian GAAP until 31st December 2004 under IFRS after 1st January 2005. This has made Australia a unique nation for determining the value relevance of the financial statements under different reporting standards (Clacher et al. 2016).. Therefore, data has been accumulated from 450 mining and industrial organisations of Australia, which are listed in ASX for the year 2000-2010. The different industries undertaken for the research include consumer goods, technology, telecommunications and healthcare. It has been found that the information generated from the cash flow statements has been captured by the stock prices of both extractive and industrial organisations under Australian GAAP and IFRS. However, the information is more for the industrial organisations under IFRS. For instance, every $1 of cash under Australian GAAP represents 94 cents of the share price. On the other hand, every S1 of net cash under IFRS represents $6.17 of the stock price. The investors, therefore, have placed higher emphasis on the direct information pertaining to cash inflow under the IFRS framework. In addition, the findings strongly support the compulsory introduction of the direct cash flow statements. Although, it might be argued that the cost issues and competitive disadvantage might be inherent under IFRS; however, the costs would be minimised along with ensuring competitive edge with thorough and detailed breakdown of items in the statement. With the help of IFRS, the organisations would be able to ensure sustainability reporting, which would provide the investors with a valuable insight on the financial performance of the organisation. In this context, the investors would determine the course of action to be undertaken for investment purpose after reviewing at the market exposure of the firms. Companies warned about changes to the way commercial leases are accounted for on balance sheets: According to IFRS 16 leases, the new changes would affect the organisations, which prepare accounts like listed organisations, bigger private investments and management investments. The new change will focus on eradicating the operating lease concept. Instead, all the leases will be categorised as financial leases (Keating 2016).Due to this, majority of the leases would be realised as liabilities in the balance sheet statement of the firm. The change will not be implemented before 1st January 2019. The potential ramifications could compel the small and medium-sized businesses in breach of loan covenants, since they could not lease their assets for renegotiation of loan agreements. This is because IFRS 16 leases could severely influence the calculations for gearing and interest coverage ratios. In addition, the nature of the expenditure realised in the income statement would change. This is because rent or leasing cost or rent could not be shown in the income statement. Instead, the expenditures could be shown as depreciation on the leased property or charge of interest on the liability of lease. Conclusion: Based on the above discussion, it could be inferred that IFRS has played a major role in improving the quality of financial disclosures and ensuring transparency in sustainability reporting of the global organisations. In addition, the investors are able to determine the market performance of the organisations by analysing their financial reports and stock market performance. From the Australian perspective, it has been evaluated that the comparison of financial statements has become relatively easier along with minimising the unethical accounting practices for ensuring sustainability reporting. However, certain improvements need to be made in IFRS, as the structure of financial statements is complex in nature to convey effective information to the investors. References: Apergis, N., Eleftheriou, S., and Payne, J.E., 2013. Analysis: The relationship between international financial reporting standards, carbon emissions, and RD expenditures: Evidence from European manufacturing firms,Ecological Economics, 88, pp. 57-66. Atwood, T.J., Cao, Y., Drake, M.S. and Myers, L.A., 2012. The Usefulness of Income Tax Disclosures Under IFRS versus US GAAP for Predicting Changes in Future Earnings and Cash Flows.Available at SSRN 2181069. Barbu, E.M., Dumontier, P, Feleag?, N, and Feleag?, L., 2014. Mandatory Environmental Disclosures by Companies Complying with IASs/IFRSs: The Cases of France, Germany, and the UK.The International Journal of Accounting, 49(2), p. 231. Barbu, E.M., Dumontier, P., Feleaga, N., and Feleaga, L., 2014. A Proposal of an International Environmental Reporting Grid: What Interest for Policymakers, Regulatory Bodies, Companies, and Researchers?,The International Journal of Accounting, 49(2), p. 253. Baskerville, R.F. and Rhys, H., 2014. A Research Note on Understandability, Readability and Translatability of IFRS.Readability and Translatability of IFRS (November 19, 2014). Charteredaccountants.com.au. (2016).IFRS where are the benefits?. [online] Available at: https://www.charteredaccountants.com.au/secure/myCommunity/blogs/khicks/number-one-in-numbers-blog/204/ifrs-where-are-the-benefits [Accessed 5 Oct. 2016]. Clacher, D., Wix, S., Reed, K., Reed, K. and Crump, R. (2016).Why the numbers add up for direct cash flow statements | Financial Director. 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Othello Summary Essays - Othello, Iago, Emilia, Michael Cassio

Othello Summary Plot Summary Iago is passed over for a promotion by his commander, Othello, a Moor and a general in the service of Venice, and vows revenge. Othello has just married Desdemona, the daughter of Brabantio, a Venetian Senator, and Iago enlists the aid of Roderigo, a rejected suitor, to tell Desdemona's father about the marriage. Brabantio goes to seize his daughter, but is interrupted by news of a Turkish attack on Cyprus. The Duke and the Senate convene, and after hearing Desdemona and Othello testify to their love for one another, they allow her to accompany him to Cyprus, which he will defend against the Turks. Iago, whom Othello regards as honest and trustworthy, is given charge of Desdemona on the journey. At Cyprus, Iago has Roderigo start a brawl, in which Cassio, Othello's lieutenant, wounds another man. Othello strips Cassio of his command, and Cassio goes to Desdemona to ask her to convince her husband to reinstate him. Iago, meanwhile, sets about convincing Othello that Desdemona has been unfaithful to him{with Cassio. Through innuendo and pretended hon- esty, Iago makes Othello almost mad with jealousy, until the Moor names him his lieutenant and makes Iago promise to help him kill Cassio and Des-demona. Desdemona has lost a handkerchief that Othello gave her as a love-token, and Emilia, Iago's wife, _nds it and gives it to her husband. Iago plants the handkerchief in Cassio's house, and then arranges for Othello to see Cassio give it to his mistress, Bianca. Othello is now convinced that Cassio has betrayed him with Desdemona, and that Cassio is aunting his sexual conquest by giving Desdemona's handkerchief to a common whore. Othello begins abusing his wife in front of messengers from Venice, who are amazed to see this change in a man they thought to be noble. That night, Othello tells his wife to wait for him in bed and goes out to walk about the city. Iago has convinced Roderigo that if he kills Cassio, Desdemona will sleep with him, so Roderigo attacks the former lieutenant. Cassio is saved by his mail shirt and wounds Roderigo; Iago ees, stabbing Cassio as he goes. Othello, passing, hears the cries and thinks that Cassio is killed, and so returns to the castle to kill Desdemona. Meanwhile, Iago and the Venetian messengers _nd the wounded men; Iago secretly kills Roderigo and sends Emilia to the castle with news of the brawl. Othello awakens Desdemona, tells her that she must die, and strangles her. Emilia returns and _nds her mistress; Desdemona revives for a moment and then dies, saying as she passes away that Othello is innocent of her death. Her husband, however, proclaims his own guilt, and as the others return, Emilia realizes her husband's plot and exposes it. Iago, furious, stabs her and ees; he is captured, and ordered to be tortured to death. Othello, heart-stricken, makes a _nal speech in which he passes sentence on himself, and then commits suicide. He falls beside Desdemona.